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![]() From the Blogosphere Back to Basics: The Many Modes of Proxies
A proxy is a well-understood concept that is not peculiar to networking
By: Lori MacVittie
Dec. 10, 2013 08:30 AM
The simplicity of the term "proxy" belies the complex topological options available. Understanding the different deployment options will enable your proxy deployment to fit your environment and, more importantly, your applications. It seems so simple in theory. A proxy is a well-understood concept that is not peculiar to networking. Indeed, some folks vote by proxy, they speak by proxy (translators), and even on occasion, marry by proxy. A proxy, regardless of its purpose, sits between two entities and performs a service. In network architectures the most common use of a proxy is to provide load balancing services to enable scale, reliability and even performance for applications. Proxies can log data exchanges, act as a gatekeeper (authentication and authorization), scan inbound and outbound traffic for malicious content and more. Proxies are a key strategic point of control in the data center because they are typically deployed as the go-between for end-users and applications. These go-between services are often referred to as virtual services, and for purposes of this blog that's what we'll call them. It's an important distinction because a single proxy can actually act in multiple modes on a per-virtual service basis. That's all pretty standard stuff. What's not simple is when you start considering how you want your proxy to act. Should it be a full proxy? A half proxy? Should it route or forward? There are multiple options for these components and each has its pros and cons. Understanding each proxy "mode" is an important step toward architecting a suitable solution for your environment as the mode determines the behavior of traffic as it traverses the proxy. Standard Virtual Service (Full Application Proxy) Any time you need to inspect payloads (JSON, HTML, XML, etc...) or steer requests based on HTTP headers (URI, cookies, custom variables) on an ongoing basis you'll need a virtual service in full proxy mode. A full proxy is able to perform application layer services. That is, it can act on protocol and data transported via an application protocol, such as HTTP. Performance Layer 4 Service (Packet by Packet Proxy) In this mode, a proxy processes each packet and maps it to a connection (flow) context. This type of virtual service is used for traffic that requires simple load balancing, policy network routing or high-availability at the transport layer. Many proxies deployed on purpose-built hardware take advantage of FPGAs that make this type of virtual service execute at wire speed. A packet-by-packet proxy is able to make decisions based on information related to layer 4 and below. It cannot interact with application-layer data. The connection between the client and the server is actually "stitched" together in this mode, with the proxy primarily acting as a forwarding component after the initial handshake is completed rather than as an endpoint or originating source as is the case with a full proxy. IP Forwarding Virtual Service (Router) A IP forwarding virtual server can be provisioned to rewrite the source IP address as the traffic traverses the service. This is done to force data to return through the proxy and is referred to as SNATing traffic. It uses transport layer (usually TCP) port multiplexing to accomplish stateful address translation. The address it chooses can be load balanced from a pool of addresses (a SNAT pool) or you can use an automatic SNAT capability. Layer 2 Forwarding Virtual Service (Bridge) Latest Cloud Developer Stories
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